Applications
Lyophilisation of mannitol and NaCl solutions in serum vials
In this Application Note sodium chloride (NaCl) and mannitol are used for freeze drying experiments. The unambiguous crystal structure of NaCl renders this salt a model compound. In contrast, mannitol is well known to crystallize in different polymorphs and it may form hydrates. Nevertheless, mannitol is the most used bulking agent for freeze dried pharmaceutical formulations. The benefits of using mannitol are that it crystallizes during freezing, creates a beautiful cake and permits drying processes at higher product temperatures, thus with higher sublimation rates compared to purely amorphous systems.
Lyophilisation of truffles
Truffles are products with limited shelf life and their sensory properties are rapidly lost. Hence, the expensive fungi become less valuable within a few days. Losses of volatile compounds, oxidation and enzymatic reactions are a considerable problem during their storage. Furthermore, the aroma profile is commonly modified as a result of elevated temperature processes or enzymatic reactions. Freeze drying the fungi avoids loss and degradation of volatile compounds due to the low temperatures applied during drying. The aromatic profile of truffles are maintained. Freeze dried truffles can either be rehydrated or directly used in dry form.
Nitrogen Determination in Pharmaceutical Active Peptides
Nitrogen and total protein determination in pharmaceutical products are described in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) section2.5.9 and 2.5.33 method 7 [1, 2]. In the Pharmacopoeia of the United States (USP), nitrogen determination is described in section461 [3]. Therein, different titration techniques are specified.The Ph.Eur.describesback titration in the presence of the indicator methyl red mixed solution and the USP potentiometric boric acid titration.